Soul of Spanish Guitar (CD review)

Pablo Sáinz-Villegas. Sony Classical 19439786732.

By Bill
Heck

When confronted with an album like this, it can be tempting
to say something like “Yeah, yeah, another guitar recital with some Spanish
stuff, we’ve heard it all before….” In this case, while it’s true that we have
here another guitar recital, that the works played are indeed all by Spanish
composers (counting an “anonymous” traditional piece), and that you likely have
heard many of the works before, at least if you listen to many classical guitar
albums, this one is worth a listen and should be a plausible addition to your
collection. 

First, the performer: Pablo Sáinz-Villegas, hardly a rookie,
having some half dozen or so albums to his credit already. Judging from what I
hear on this collection, he has not only the requisite technical ability but
also, and just as importantly, the ability to translate technique into real
music. In sampling performances by various other artists for comparisons, I was
struck by how many – not all, of course, but enough – seemed just to run
through the notes, concentrating on getting them out in order, but forgetting
to bring the whole together, to add a sense of coherence, or even to make it
sound like they cared. (I know that this last bit sounds over the top, but I
must say that a fair number of number of performances seemed low on the emotion
scale.) Secondly, the recording itself is excellent, with the sound of a
small-bodied guitar, one built in the Spanish style, captured in a natural
perspective. One would think that recording the guitar would be relatively
easy, but apparently not: in sampling guitar recordings, one often hears tone
that is off or excessive reverberation (even artificial reverb) or an
eight-foot-wide instrument or excessive finger noise or sound that seems to be
coming from another room or…you get the idea.

Despite these grumbles, there are plenty of other nice
recitals with similar collections of music out there. But as I listened to
alternatives, it became clear that the Villegas album combines music,
musicianship, and sound engineering to deliver an enjoyable product.

To illustrate, let’s compare performances of two familiar
works. In Albeniz’ Asturias (Leyenda), Villegas moves at a pace that we
might call brisk but not rushed. One point of note is how well the strummed
chords that punctuate the central section fit in without interrupting the
musical flow. As a very low-level guitarist, I can appreciate that this is
quite a trick to pull off. Villegas also uses subtle gradations of volume to
bring life – may I say “sparkle”? – to the work, and his descent to pianissimo
at the end of the bridging section is very well done indeed.

My first comparison was obligatory: to Segovia, the
godfather of them all. His tempo is similar to Villegas, or rather we should
say that Villegas’ tempo is similar to Segovia’s; indeed, the entire approach
is similar. (There certainly is no shame in being compared to Segovia!)
Villegas may be slightly ahead on technique; there is no doubt that the modern
recording is significantly ahead of the older one. I made notes on other
performances by the likes of Williams, Isbin, Li, and Grondona, but I’ll spare
you all the details. Suffice it to say that Villegas’ account holds up nicely:
indeed, I thought that Villegas was in some ways the most satisfactory of the
bunch.

My second comparison work was Tarrega’s Recuerdes de la
Alhambra (“Memories of the Alhambra” for those lacking a Spanish
dictionary). Villegas’ account is quite slow; indeed, I think he would be
better served by speeding up just a bit, as the tempo tends to emphasize the
inevitable slight unevenness of the trilled notes as well as the shifting pitch
as the melody notes are “bent”. Still, he exhibits wonderful phrasing and
control, creating a mood of wistful longing, which surely fits the music.
Moreover, he produces an actual dynamic range, not the easiest with this piece.
And Villegas is hardly the slowest of quite a group: Pepe Romero and Sharon
Isbin, for example, are even slower (Romero by a lot). Again, Villegas holds up
well relative to these and my other comparisons (Yepes, Bream, Schulstad,
Gueddes, and – of course – Segovia); in particular, a couple who shall remain
unnamed just seem to be running through the notes, something that Villegas
never does.

I mentioned those two works because they are particularly
familiar: if you don’t remember them by title, you’ll know them when you hear
them. But no need to revisit every track on the album: let’s just posit that this
is a well-played and enjoyable collection.

As described above, the sound is first-rate, very clean and
natural if perhaps seeming just a touch closeup on occasion. The liner notes
include an essay about Spain, Spanish music, and the Spanish guitar that, if
not particularly informative in regard to the music, nicely conveys Villegas’s love for his native country and its music.

BH

To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click below:

Beethoven: Symphony No. 7 (CD review)

Teodor Currentzis, MusicAeterna. Sony 19439743772.

By John J. Puccio

The Greek-Russian conductor Teodor Currentzis is the
latest musician to take the classical music world by storm (even though he was
nearly fifty at the time of this review), producing sometimes controversial but
decidedly absorbing interpretations that at the very least meet his own
demanding if unconventional standards. He reminds me a little of Gustavo
Dudamel over a decade ago in his creativity, enthusiasm, and willingness to
throw caution to the wind. It’s clear Currentzis knows exactly what he wants and
isn’t about to let anyone stop him from achieving it.

Serving Currentzis’s occasionally unorthodox approach to
the classics is his handpicked, relatively small, period-performance orchestra,
MusicAeterna, which he founded in 2004. According to the Web site Allmusic.com,
Currentzis chose his players from around Russia and persuaded them to move to
Siberia, where they experienced intense rehearsal and recording schedules.
According to James Rhodes in The London Guardian, "They live, eat
and breathe there, and the majority of their waking moments are spent creating
music." During this time, the orchestra appeared on several of
Currentzis’s recordings on the Alpha label. The following year, Currentzis
moved to the Perm Opera and Ballet Theatre, and MusicAeterna was reconstituted
in that city as Currentzis began to forge distinctive, highly dramatic
interpretations of music from the Baroque to the early 20th century. Sony
Classical signed MusicAeterna to its label and in 2013 released their first
album with Currentzis, a collection of arias by Rameau. The conductor and
orchestra’s fame spread internationally with recordings of Mozart operas and
the Tchaikovsky Sixth Symphony.

Currentzis and MusicAeterna have performed all over the
world, as well as in their home city of Perm. Their repertory ranges from
Baroque choral music to Russian music and contemporary music, and they have
toured with a concert version of Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas.
In 2016, MusicAeterna became the first Russian orchestra to open the Salzburg
Festival.

On the present recording, they tackle Beethoven’s Symphony
No. 7 in A major, Op. 92, written in 1811-12. At its première, which
Beethoven conducted, the composer remarked that it was one of his best works.
The second movement Allegretto proved so popular he had to encore it,
and it has often been performed in concert separate from the rest of the
symphony.

Beethoven’s Seventh has remained among the
composer’s most popular symphonies to this day, and it’s easy to see why. One
of its fans, Richard Wagner noted the work’s lively rhythms and called it the
"apotheosis of the dance." In other words, a model of perfection for
dance music.

So, what does the Currentzis recording bring to the table
that previous recordings have not? That, of course, would be a purely
subjective assessment. You would think the first thing from a historical
perspective might be a slavish adherence to Beethoven’s rather quick metronome
marks, but, no. A quick comparison to two period-instrument performances, one
from Roger Norrington and the London Classical Players and the other from
Nicholas McGegan and the Philharmonia Baroque, show that Currentzis’s timings
are just about between the two: Norrington the fastest, McGegan a tad slower.
To my ear, the difference in this new Currentzis account is that it strives
more for dynamism than most, for a vigorous forceful thrust throughout the
dance rhythms. Yet it does so with the utmost grace and perfection in mind, the
orchestra reacting to every note as a polished whole, as though they were all
one instrument. In this regard, it reminds me a little of the old Fritz Reiner
performance with the Chicago Symphony. It’s clear that both conductors knew
exactly what they wanted, even if it took away some of music’s ultimate joy.

Anyway, the symphony opens with a Poco Sostenuto,
sustained about as Beethoven might have wanted, which leads inevitably to a
full-fleged Vivace (lively and fast). Here, Currentzis is not so very
different from many other conductors. This is certainly not an “unorthodox”
reading. In fact, while Currentzis is unmistakably precise, he ultimately
sounds pretty much like everyone else. Still, there are some delightful
nuances, mostly of dynamism and rubato, that make some of it a delight to hear.

The second movement is, as I mentioned, an Allegretto
(a moderately fast, intermediate tempo between an Andante and an Allegro).
It’s here that we find Currentzis at his most idiosyncratic. The deviations in
dynamic levels are intense, and the sense of forward momentum seldom decreases.
Yet the movement never sounds rushed or hurried. It unfolds splendidly.

Beethoven marks the third movement scherzo Presto-Presto
meno assai (fast, then less). The central trio is an Austrian “pilgrims
hymn” repeated twice. Currentzis takes the composer at his word, starting very
fast and exciting and transitioning seamlessly to a more moderate tempo.
Currentzis plays the whole thing with a smoothness of flow that rivets one’s
attention.

The symphony concludes with an impassioned flourish, an Allegro
con brio (a fast, spirited, animated tempo). Musical analysts over the
years have described it as a fiery bacchanal, the dance rhythms more and more a
revel, an unrestrained merrymaking. Currentzis keeps the rhythms at the
forefront, but I didn’t find the degree of exhilaration I expected. The
conductor seems a bit too fastidious with producing exacting but not
particularly stirring or stimulating notes.

My own personal reaction to Currentzis’s interpretation is
that it doesn’t always conform to my own preferences. I always think of
Beethoven’s Sixth and Seventh Symphonies as his most genial and
happy symphonies, the Seventh especially alive with its bouncy,
infectious dance music. It’s perhaps why I enjoy Sir Colin Davis’s
modern-instruments recordings (EMI and Philips) and Nicholas McGegan’s
period-instruments recording so much. Yet unlike these other conductors,
Currentzis appears more concerned with the exactitude and detail of the notes
rather than with the pleasure they can produce. Still, even for all his
fastidiousness, Currentzis’s performance is really not significantly different
from many others, so I can’t complain much. The sound is good, and the dynamics
are extraordinary; a lot of folks will enjoy it.

The only real drawback to the disc is that it contains
only the Seventh Symphony, no couplings. At almost an even forty
minutes, the symphony hardly takes up half the disc, and a lot of
classical-music listeners might be conditioned to expect somewhat more.

Producer Giovanni Prosdocimi and engineer Damien Quintard
recorded the symphony at the Great Hall, Vienna Concert House, Vienna, Austria
in July and August 2018. The sound they obtained is very dynamic, with a wide
range and good impact. It’s also very clean and smooth, a trifle close, and
fairly one-dimensional. There’s not a lot of hall ambience, either, which adds
to the sound’s clarity but diminishes its realism. It’s the kind of sound that
seems to embrace the conductor’s clear-sighted vision of the music without
quite taking us into its heart.

JJP

To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click below:

On Upgrading What’s Analog…

By Bryan Geyer

THE POSIT—Recent
technology advances make it practical to upgrade select analog functions in
many conventional stereo systems. It’s now possible to…
…dramatically extend the range and enhance the
linearity of low bass response.
…materially reduce the mass of the main
speaker enclosures.
…clarify the midrange response by isolating it
from low bass modulation.
…eliminate archaic high-level passive
crossovers that reflect only low order filter slopes.
…enable precise line-level active
crossovers with full 4th order (-24dB/octave) attenuation.

BACKGROUND—The
pursuit of good sound is evolutionary, but the conviction that high fidelity
= big speakers persists. Low frequencies have long wavelengths (28 feet at
40 Hz), so big transducers, in big enclosures, have always been considered
essential to reproduce, propel, and propagate big bass. Regardless, monstrous
monkey coffins that require prominent front-and-center placement look absurd in
domestic living rooms, so reasonable compromise is vital. The usual course is:
(a) downsize the speakers, or (b) always entertain outside, or (c) cram the
system into a “man-cave”, even though the main LR offers superior acoustics
(lower Schroeder frequency), or (d) use headphones only. These are odious
options; let’s pursue better.

WHAT’S CHANGED—In the
mid ’90s, the push to popularize home theater became dependent on finding a
practical way to recreate Godzilla’s footfall while squeezing the mass out of
the additional speaker enclosures. This paradox looked hopeless until design
guru Bob Carver, then at Sunfire, proposed his astonishing new (1997)
self-powered “True Subwoofer” as a viable solution. Market acceptance was slow
until Sunfire’s patent grip was softened; then the trade piled on. The new subs
could pump out pure (low harmonic content) 30Hz sine wave bursts at pressure
levels exceeding anything previously envisioned. Today, relatively compact
subwoofers with only a single 10" or 12" diameter driver (e.g., https://www.jlaudio.com/collections/home-audio-e-sub/products/e112-gloss-home-audio-e-sub-powered-subwoofers-96279)
can produce lower, louder, and cleaner bottom bass (the two bass octaves
below 80Hz) than the very best, biggest, and most expensive full range
floor-standers ever built by anybody, anywhere.

Tempering this marvel
is the reality that these new self-powered subwoofers excel at just one thing:
They can handle those two bass octaves better than any conventional woofer.
They’re able to do that because they’re expressly designed for a single,
solitary mission. They have extremely deep, ultra stiff cones, long and
compliant surrounds with extended x-mass capability, and they’re driven by high
power class D amps that apply carefully contoured equalization. Unlike the
woofers in a costly full range floor-stander, the “sub” doesn’t have to produce
any appreciable output above ~ 140Hz. Conversely, a conventional full range
floor-stander is designed with the expectation that it must also cover the full
low-to-middle bass range, commonly extending to frequencies approaching ~
800Hz, and do so with good linearity. That’s a stringent additional assignment.

TODAY—If the intent
is to achieve optimal fidelity, we need to reconsider how stereo systems should
be configured. Clearly, paired stereo subwoofers* should handle the
bottom bass octaves. The main stereo loudspeakers can then be reduced in size
to reflect the fact that they will no longer have to reproduce those
subterranean sounds. Stand-mount main speakers with 6" to 8" drivers
have proved absolutely optimum. Excellent bookshelf-size speakers, like Harman’s
Revel Performa M126Be (https://www.audioholics.com/bookshelf-speaker-reviews/revel-performa-m126be),
or the Revel M106 (https://hometheaterhifi.com/reviews/speaker/bookshelf/revel-performa3-m106-2-way-bookshelf-monitor-loudspeaker-review-part-one/),
come to mind, and they confer welcome decor relief. The related subwoofers are
best placed near the front corners of the room, at or near floor level, where
they’re generally easy to accommodate. There’s simply no need, anymore, for
monstrous four to five foot tall main speakers that are packed with multiple
10", 12", or 15" woofers. At least, not unless you’re personally
committed to high-end electrostatic-type speakers, such as those
championed by Sanders Sound Systems. (In that event, please see https://classicalcandor.blogspot.com/2019/09/on-elephants-in-room.html.)

In addition to the
cited decor benefit, separating the low bass from the upper bass presents a
compelling aural upside. In a conventional setup, the main woofer and its power
amplifier handle both signals, so there’s often some mild modulation blur of
the upper bass or lower mids when the score calls for a sudden burst of big
bass thunder. Routing that sound directly to the low-pass amplifiers, inside
the self-powered subs, means the main speakers will now be unaffected. The main
power amplifier will never see those low bass signals when they’re appreciably
below the crossover notch. Eliminating this potential midrange modulation is
one of the most vital rewards that you can claim when you add subwoofers and
install an external active crossover. Some listeners feel that the midrange
benefit is even more audible than the subwoofers’ bass extension. Your own
impression might be a bit program-dependent in sensing these complementary
improvements, but it’s clearly evident when the score fits**.

MODERNIZING
CROSSOVERS—A further concern is that conventional full-range speakers impose
the need for accurate driver-level crossover networks. Such filters are
fussy to design and awkward to assemble. They’re wholly dependent on precisely
defined R/L/C components that must pass high current signals to low impedance
loads. Tight tolerance passive parts of this unique nature are rare—most have
no other fundamental application in the scope of the electronics trade, so they’re
often difficult to obtain in the exact values that are needed. The inevitable
consequence of this difficulty is compromise, and compromise breeds inaccuracy†.
Even when they’re effectively designed and constructed, these high level
crossovers often prove inadequate because they’re typically just first order or
second order (-6dB or -12dB/octave) filters with gentle attenuation slopes.
Full fourth order (-24dB/octave) passive crossover networks would be more
suitable, but they become impractical (too complex, physically prohibitive) for
high level (low impedance) applications.

The solution to this crossover dilemma is to move that
function from its classic position, between the power amplifier outputs and the
various driver inputs (where it must process high level signals), to an
earlier point, prior to the power amplifier, where the components will
see only lower line level signals.This
preferred location assures ready access to lots of stable, tight tolerance
R/L/C components of virtually any desired value. When combined with active
op-amp circuitry it’s then possible to form highly selective Linkwitz-Riley
type filters with full 4th order attenuation slopes. The penalty implicit with
inserting the crossover in this line-level position is that a separate power
amplifier will now be needed to connect each crossover output (high pass and
low pass) directly to its designated driver. That means operating in “bi-amplifier”
mode, a form of connection that confers useful advantages; e.g., better load
(driver) damping; also the ability to independently dictate the signal
amplitude sent to each power amplifier.

A fully external
(meaning separately enclosed and powered) active crossover controller is
invaluable when adding supplementary self-powered subwoofers. The active
crossover’s high-pass outputs can feed the main stereo power amplifier +
main speaker system, while its low-pass outputs feed the line inputs on
the self-powered subs. (The active crossover thereby supersedes any built-in
low-pass filtering that might be a part of the sub’s internal circuit, so the
subs should then be operated in their selectable “bypass mode”.) This setup
facilitates convenient adjustment of the “mains-to-subs” dominance (the
relative output levels of the main speakers compared to the subs) from a
single, central location. Without this crossover controller you’d need to crawl
to each individual subwoofer and separately adjust their input sensitivity
controls—and repeat that crawl every time you want to tweak the mains-to-subs
settings or alter the relative channel balance.

An external active
crossover controller with variable frequency capability will allow the user to
position the crossover notch at a point that’s optimum for the main speakers in
use. For most subwoofer setups, this will involve a setting that’s somewhere
between ~ 76Hz and 100Hz. (Lower crossover frequencies are not advisable,
regardless of the main speakers’ perceived bass capability.)

Loudspeaker systems
with internal line-level active crossovers + self-powered class D amps
are already in common use as near-field monitors; also as desk-top setups.
Designs of this nature offering higher power output have also appeared, e.g.,
the “Kii Three”. Clearly, this trend will accelerate. We’re going to see lots
of analog circuitry integrate with the loudspeaker, and some of the speaker
makers are likely to merge with those that currently make power amplifiers. Of
course, vacuum tube power amps—already a moribund species—will then fade forever.
Ditto for big solid-state quasi-class A power amps and heavyweights that
resemble engine blocks. Niche products will always exist, but it’s doubtful
that those who make them will prosper and survive, so be wary about where you
hitch your wagon.

THE PREAMPLIFIER—Refer
https://classicalcandor.blogspot.com/2019/12/on-controlling-volume.html.
Amen.

Footnotes…
*Paired stereo subwoofers (not a solo “shared
bass” subwoofer) are essential for acoustic advantage; refer https://classicalcandor.blogspot.com/2019/03/basics-about-bass_20.html.

**Re. “when the score fits”…is a phrase
that brings to mind a subwoofer quirk that you need to know. Many (all?) of the
companies making self-powered subs provide the useful ability to select
automatic “signal sensing” as a means of activating the sub’s internal power
amplifier; i.e., to auto-awaken the sub from its passive sleep state. In sleep
mode, the sub stays on, but it dissipates minimal power until it perceives that
it’s time to rumble. The sub then goes into active mode, and remains active
until there’s no input signal for an appreciable duration, e.g., 20 or 30
minutes. An initial problem is sometimes evident with respect to the maker’s
signal-sensing level. Bear in mind that the sub can only hear very low
frequency signals because its line-level input path is through a low-pass
filter. When there’s persistent heavy bass (as with virtually all pop music
today), the sub will awaken quickly. But when the bass content is evident only
where Mozart scored it, that sub might not awaken (go active) until you’re a
third through an extended concerto. Classical music just doesn’t exhibit the
same pounding bass line that persists with pop. Unfortunately, the folks that
make subs think classical music is extinct, so they normally set the signal
sensing to trigger at a higher (less sensitive) level than what’s optimum for
classical format. In many cases the original factory setting is as much as 14dB
to 16dB too high (too insensitive). So—when you buy a sub, communicate with
your supplier. Have the maker set your subs to auto-activate when The Lark [is
barely] Ascending. (I bow to Mr. Vaughan Williams.) If they fail to do
this you’ll then need to return your subs to the source, and have a factory guy
readjust the trip point (warranty return, maker’s expense). With all of the
subs that I’ve seen, this setting is always an internal adjustment. Some subs
might now make this tweak externally accessible, but internal-only is more
logical because it’s a “set once” consideration, and external access invites
misuse. Home-based DIY readjustment is definitely not feasible. The internal
class D “plate amp” has complex multi-layer boards + tiny surface-mount (not “through-hole”)
components, and that makes this simple task too risky when no schematic is at
hand.

Be assured that there’s
no downside related to increasing the subs’ activation sensitivity. When your
external active crossover controller’s low pass outputs (to the subs’ inputs)
cease sending a source signal (for the specified time lapse) to the subs, they’ll
automatically revert to their dormant sleep mode, exactly as intended. The only
instance in which this might not happen is if your crossover controller
suddenly became intolerably noisy—with noise so annoying that you’d be fully
absorbed with that fix before noting that the subs didn’t go to sleep.

†It’s only natural that those who own big
full-range floor-standing speakers would assume that the internal high level
crossovers buried inside their costly purchase are both optimum and accurate.
Regardless, their faith is likely misplaced. Accuracy is certain to be deficient
in the case of passive networks that have accumulated appreciable use because
passive high level crossover components drift. High level operation = high
level stress. (Refer paper headed “On Crossing Over,” at https://classicalcandor.blogspot.com/2020/01/on-crossing-over.html.)

BG (April 2021)

Beethoven: Violin Concerto in D major (CD review)

Also, Brahms: Violin Concerto in D major. Gil Shaham,
violin; Eric Jacobsen, The Knights. Canary Classics 5 060133 3000 14.

By John J. Puccio

If you’re not quite sure who Gil Shaham is, a word from
his bio might help. Mr. Shaham “is one of the foremost violinists of our time;
his flawless technique combined with his inimitable warmth and generosity of
spirit has solidified his renown as an American master.” He’s also a Grammy Award-winner,
Musical America’s “Instrumentalist of the Year,” and in demand
throughout the world for concerto appearances with leading orchestras and
conductors. Most important, he’s very good at what he does, a vibrant,
creative, virtuosic entertainer.

On the present recording Mr. Shaham performs with The
Knights. They, too, may be unfamiliar to some listeners, although they
shouldn’t be because they have recorded quite a lot of material over the past
few decades. They are a New York-based chamber orchestra formed by Eric and
Colin Jacobsen while they were music students in the 1990’s. Originally, they
called themselves “The Knights of the Many-Sided Table,” a rather unwieldy
title they changed simply to The Knights. According to Wikipedpia, “Members of
The Knights are composers, arrangers, singer-songwriters, and improvisers who
bring a range of cultural influences to the group from baroque and classical
performance practice to jazz and klezmer genres to pop and indie rock music.”

Together, Shaham and The Knights present two of the
best-known violin concertos in the classical repertoire, those by Beethoven and
Brahms, and they make them seem new all over again.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) wrote his Concerto for
Violin and Orchestra in D major in 1806, where it received an unsuccessful
première and was practically shelved for the rest of the composer’s lifetime.
He never published another violin concerto, so maybe he lost heart. The world
would have to wait until 1844 to see the piece revived by violinist Joseph
Joachim and conductor and composer Felix Mendelssohn, and, of course, it has
been one of the leading concertos in the genre ever since.

Beethoven’s concerto begins with a lengthy and fairly
laid-back introduction before the violin finally enters with a flourish. A
slow, central Larghetto follows, and then a lively Rondo caps
things off. When Shaham enters with the violin, he does so with a flourish. His
musicianship is impeccable, a violin virtuoso of the highest order. More
important, Shaham practically attacks the score, imbuing it with vigor and
enthusiasm, yet losing nothing of the music’s inherent lyrical qualities. Along
with the interpretation by Jascha Heifetz, Shaham’s performance is among the
most exciting I’ve ever heard on record. Understand, however, that there are
more subtle, more refined, more cultivated recordings available from the likes
of Itzhak Perlman (EMI),  Henryk Szeryng
(Philips), James Ehnes (Onyx), Vadim Repin (DG), Gidon Kremer (Teldec), Arthur
Grumiaux (Pentatone), Rachel Barton Pine (Cedille), and others. But none of
them tops this new release from Gil Shaham for total listener involvement and
satisfaction.

Shaham takes the second-movement Larghetto at a
smooth, leisurely, yet entirely engaging pace, providing all the beauty
Beethoven has to offer. Finally, there’s that bouncy Rondo, Allegro,
where Shaham shows us how playful he can get. It helps, too, to have so
responsive a group as The Knights behind him, who complement him perfectly with
their own heartiness and exuberance.

German composer and pianist Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
wrote his Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 77 around the time he wrote
his Second Symphony (1877), and the two pieces display a similar
pastoral, bucolic atmosphere. However, the slightly later Violin Concerto
sounds a little more rugged and robust, yet more lofty and aristocratic, almost
as rustic as it is rhapsodic, making it something of an opposition in charms.
What’s more, because Brahms grew up in a period where classicism was giving way
to full-blown Romanticism, the composer sometimes found himself caught between
the two competing styles, as we hear in this piece.

Although Brahms’s concerto is a little more complex and a
bit more difficult to manage than Beethoven’s, Shaham negotiates it with an
assuredness that comes from years of dedication and experience. His approach is
flawless, cogent, and persuasive. As in the Beethoven, his playing is keen and
ebullient, bringing a consummate joy to the music. These performances are laser
focused yet spontaneous, pleasing in every regard. As with the Beethoven, you
may find other recordings you like as well, but it’s hard to imagine one any
more appealing on all counts, including the sound.

Producer Martha de Francisco and engineer Brian Losch recorded
the music at LeFrak Hall, Aaron Copland School of Music, Queens College,
Flushing, New York in August 2019. Because The Knights are a relatively small
ensemble, they show up quite transparently on record. It helps, of course, that
the recording engineer ensured that the sound wasn’t too close or too distant,
and that nothing appeared unnaturally bright, heavy, dull, or soft. Everything
is just about right, including some full-bodied drum work. When the violin
enters, it’s just where we expect it to be, nicely centered yet agreeably
integrated with the orchestra.

JJP

To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click below:

Brahms: Intermezzi (CD review)

Christophe Sirodeau. Melism MLS-CD-022.

By Bill Heck

Chrisophe Sirodeau is not a truly familiar name among
classical music fans, but judging from this album, he should be better known.
His recorded output is small, most notably discs of the works of Samuil
Feinberg and Viktor Ullmann. (For the curious, I am not familiar with either of
these composers, although a few quick listens suggest that further
investigation is warranted.) It is perhaps a little surprising that Sirodeau’s
first venture into the more often recorded “mainstream” is with the solo piano
music of Johannes Brahms, but he has the chops to make the leap.

For those unfamiliar with the term, an “intermezzo” – plural
“intermezzi” – was originally a short piece meant to be played between two
longer, more substantial pieces. By Brahms’s time, intermezzi could be short,
usually expressive pieces without reference to other works. And those
unfamiliar with Brahms’s piano works, or those who do not look closely at the liner
notes for this album, might suppose that Brahms composed a few sets of piano
“intermezzi” and that Sirodeau is simply playing some or all of them in order,
just as one might find on a recording of, say, Chopin’s Nocturnes. Not
so on several counts: Brahms mixed in a few other forms, e.g., caprices, with
the intermezzi in several opus numbers; Sirodeau includes only 14 of the 18 Intermezzi;
and the artist has ordered them not chronologically, but in a sequence that he
finds most appealing. So, let’s say that this release is rather more like a
recital than a comprehensive survey, but a very focused recital.

In any case, most of works here are from a few years late in
Brahms’s life: although four of the Intermezzi are part of Op.76 dating
from 1878, the remaining 10heard here are from Op. 116 – 119, published in 1892
– 93. (Brahms’s last works were published in 1896, and he died in 1897.) After
Op. 76, the days of large-scale orchestral compositions, such as symphonies and
concertos, were long past; Brahms’s music had become leaner, more intensely
concentrated. Thus, most of the pieces here are the works of a mature composer,
giving the sense of a mature human reflecting on life.

Indeed, these works seem to me to be distilled Brahms, the
essence of Brahms if you will. This is particularly true in all but the Op. 76
works: ornamentation is stripped away; the melodies can be downright simple –
although sometimes deceptively so. (By the way, even on first hearing I easily
identified, without peeking, several tracks as being from Op. 76: they are a
little less distilled, with more notes that, had the pieces been composed
later, might not have been there.) 
Perhaps there is no better example than the ninth track on this disc, Andante
Moderato in E-flat, the first of the three Intermezzi of Op. 117.
The opening melody sounds like a child’s song or perhaps a lullaby; the left
hand plays but a few simple chords. The development becomes more complex, but
the melody is never far away; the piece ends by returning to nearly the same
basic simplicity with which it started. At the same time, that melody is a
lovely one, tugging at the emotions and sticking in the mind.

Meanwhile, the dominant mood through the entire series of
works is reflective, introspective. Gone is the fire and passion of youth. (Try
listening to this disk immediately after hearing the First Symphony or
the First Piano Concerto; good heavens, what a contrast!) Gone are the
complications and dense scoring of the orchestral works. There are frequent passages
where the music can be played with two fingers, and many others where, even if
more fingers are involved, we hear simple melodies and chords. But lest we
forget, it still is Brahms, meaning that the musical intelligence shines
through.

Sirodeau’s playing suits the music well, steering a course
between literal but soulless readings on one hand and overdramatization on the
other. No mawkish sentimentality here, thank you very much, but also no bored
disengagement, no mechanical run-throughs. There is rubato aplenty, but not so
much as to bring progress completely to a halt, a fault that I too often hear
in some solo piano recordings, and one that drives me nuts. Phrasings seem to
me always well-judged, and although the music does not lend itself to dynamic
extremes, Sirodeau modulates the volume sufficiently to emphasize that which
should be highlighted.

I did not locate an album comparable in the sense of being
all intermezzi (regardless of order), but these works have been recorded
numerous times in different groupings. A complete survey is impossible, but a
few comparisons might give a general flavor.

Jonathan Plowwright has recorded a well-regarded series of
albums of Brahms music for solo piano. As one example, returning to the Op.
117/1 piece mentioned above, Plowright is a bit quicker, clocking in at 5:02,
compared to Sirodeau’s 5:34. Sirodeau lays a bit more emphasis on the lower
notes (left hand), and there are slight differences in phrasing, with my
overall impression being that Sirodeau is the more wistful, even dreamier in
comparison – but hardly a startling difference. In that same work, Radu Lupu
takes still longer at 5:46, and in comparison to Sirodeau, his dynamic control
is even more noticeable – and incredible. His feather light touch in softer
passages seems next to impossible: how can anyone press a piano key that softly
and still produce any sound at all? More broadly, Lupu’s recording is a
classic, truly expressive, but Sirodeau’s holds its own even so, at least in
part because Decca’s 1980’s sound is a bit more congested than Melism’s 21^st
century version. Really, I can happily listen to any of these albums, reveling
in the differences.

Speaking of sound, the Melism recording is indeed is very
good. I found it just short of the very best in terms of focus, but that’s
largely a quibble, nothing to be worried about at all.

If you are unfamiliar with this music, you surely ought to
give Sirodeau’s album a listen. If you already have recordings of these works,
you still might want to pick up this one, if only for the experience of hearing
a series of well-played versions of most of the intermezzi in an intelligently
chosen sequence. A comparison that comes to mind is that of a treasured book;
just as one might return to that written work at just the right times, this
album is on my list of performances to return to on quiet evenings when I want
to hear music that will stay with me.

BH

To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click below:

Sullivan: Ballet Music (CD review)

L’Ile Enchantee; Thespis. Andrew Penny, RTE Concert
Orchestra. Naxos 8.555180.

By John J. Puccio

Many people today probably only know the British composer
Sir Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900) from his collaborations with Sir William S.
Gilbert, Sullivan writing the music and Gilbert the lyrics of their many hit
light operas. But Sullivan’s work also includes operas, orchestral works,
incidental music, songs, piano, and chamber pieces. Among them is the ballet
presented here, L’Ile Enchantee (“The Enchanted Isle”), performed by
Andrew Penny and Ireland’s RTE Concert Orchestra.

Sullivan wrote L’Ile Enchantee in 1861, and it was
among his first orchestral compositions. He intended it as a divertissement, a
light entertainment, a diversion, usually used during an interlude in a longer,
more-serious work but here used at the end of Vincenzo Bellini’s opera La sonnambula
at Covent Garden. The public received the music with acclaim, but the full
score was subsequently lost.  We may
consider Penny’s recording, in which Roderick Spencer and Selwyn Tillett have
found and restored some previously lost passages, a world-première event.

The opening Prelude has a serious Mendelssohnian
feeling to it. The music continues with a whole parade of light, melodic, and
wholly delightful tunes. There’s even a brief Strauss-like waltz involved. The
story line of the ballet is negligible, to say the least. A shipwrecked sailor
washes ashore on an enchanted island filled with gnomes and fairies (and thus
the Mendelssohn reference). He falls for the queen, and the rest is...well,
music. I’m surprised this little ballet didn’t catch on the way so much of
Sullivan’s other music has. Whatever, Maestro Penny appears to be on top of
everything--from the rollicking inner sections to the sweetest, most-gentle
ones, and his Irish orchestra seems to be enjoying itself as well.

Accompanying L’Ile Enchantee are some snippets of
ballet music from Gilbert and Sullivan’s Thespis (1871), their first
collaboration together. However, they never published the piece, and most of it
is now lost, except for the fragments of ballet from it we get here.

Producer Murray Khouri made the album at the National
Concert Hall, Dublin, Ireland in April 1992. Naxos originally released the disc
in their full-priced Marco Polo line but now offer it at a substantially lower
price (although if you insist on paying more, you can still find it new on the
Marco Polo label). I liked the sound a lot. It’s among the more natural
recordings I’ve heard lately, even though Naxos recorded it some thirty years
ago (or perhaps because they recorded it so long ago). The recording displays
good depth, with more than adequate dynamics and frequency range. And all
without a hint of brightness or edge.

JJP

To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click below:

John Luther Adams: The Become Trilogy (CD and book review)

Ludovic Morlot, Seattle Symphony.
Cantaloupe CA21161 (3-disc set).
Also, Silences So Deep: Music,
Solitude, Alaska. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. New York, 2020. 194 pp. ISBN:
978-0-374-26462-8.

By Karl W. Nehring

Just to be perfectly clear, the composer
of the Become Trilogy is the American composer John Luther Adams (b.
1953), who is not the same person as the American composer John Adams (b.
1947), who is famous for compositions such as his opera Nixon in China
and his orchestral showpiece Short Ride in a Fast Machine. John Adams is
based in California, while John Luther Adams was long based in Alaska, where he
lived from 1978 to 2014. He now resides in the American Southwest.

John Luther Adams received widespread
attention for the first of the three compositions included in this three-CD
boxed set, Become Ocean, which was awarded the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for
Music. It is a powerful piece, deep and brooding and churning, capturing the
energy and mystery of the ocean depths. In his liner notes, Adams explains
that, “Become Ocean is titled after a mesostic poem that John Cage wrote
in honor of Lou Harrison. Likening Harrison’s music to a river in delta, Cage
wrote:

            LiStening
to it
   
we becOme
    
   oceaN.

Adams goes on to explain that “in Become
Ocean a full symphony orchestra is deployed in three different ensembles,
separated as widely as possible. Each of these groups has its own distinctive
instrumental and harmonic colorations, each moving in its own tempo.” Lest his
talk of three ensembles playing in three tempos immediately scare you off, let
me assure you that although Become Ocean has a dense, complex sound, it
does not have a dissonant, chaotic, forbidding sound. Indeed, the piece has a majesty
to it that can truly draw the listener in. It conveys a sense of elemental
power that goes beyond waves on the surface to reveal the force of the mighty
currents below and the astonishing force of the tides. Debussy’s La Mer
gives us a vivid portrait of the ocean as seen from without; Adams has a
different goal in mind. “I composed Become Ocean on the edge of the Pacific, in
Mexico, where my wife and I lived for most of a decade. Yet from time to time
when people ask me: ‘Which ocean is it?’ My answer is always the same: ‘Your
ocean…’ Become Ocean is a meditation on the deep and mysterious tides of
existence.”  The piece was something of
a sensation when it was originally released, perhaps not quite to the scale of
Gorecki’s Symphony No. 3 (here)
but still quite noteworthy for a classical music release.

The remaining two compositions in the
trilogy Become River and Become Desert, were recorded in 2018.
Reflecting on the kind of music he was trying to create in the works that make
up this trilogy, Adams notes that “Stravinsky remarked that music is the sole
domain in which we fully realize the present. Yet so much orchestral music is
continually becoming—unfolding in narrative arcs, like novels or movies…
The pieces of the Become trilogy are not symphonic studies about rivers,
deserts, or the sea. This is music that aspires to the condition of place. The
titles are not ‘Becoming…’. They’re ‘Become…’. The invitation is
for you, the listener, to enter into the music, to lose yourself, and perhaps
to discover oceans, deserts, and rivers of your own.”

Adams observes that he has known many
rivers throughout his life, and that for a good part of his life he lived in
the Tanana River basin in Alaska, of which he notes that “a musical evocation
of the Tanana would have to be a long piece, for a large orchestra. Become
River is shorter, and scored for a smaller orchestra—an orchestra turned
upside down. Rather than their usual position near the edge of the stage, the
violins are seated far upstage and elevated. The entire assembly is raked, from
high to low sounds. Over the course of twenty minutes, the music flows
downstream in three interlocking streams moving at different tempos, running to
the sea.” Once again that description might make the music sound forbidding, or
even unlistenable, but in truth, Become River is actually quite
beguiling. The various elements of the sound -- tinkling percussion, swirling
strings, shifting tones from the brass and woodwinds—all combine in the
imagination to offer a striking impression of a river, and if you let yourself
go as you listen, you truly can begin to feel in some sense becoming at least a
wee bit riverish… Seriously, though, it is a remarkable composition, a
21st-century Die Moldau.

Adams notes of the final piece of the
trilogy that “Become Desert completes this trilogy that I didn’t set out
to write. In all three of these works, space is a fundamental compositional element.
I’m not speaking only of poetic or metaphorical space, but also of the physical
space of the musical ensemble, and the acoustical space in which the music is
heard. At forty-two minutes, Become Desert is the same length as Become
Ocean. But it encompasses an even larger musical space. Five different
ensembles are stationed around the audience… In the desert, as Octavio Paz
observes: ‘That which is not stone is light.’ Here, you can ‘close your eyes
and listen to the singing of the light.’ This image led me to realize that Become
Desert needed to include human voices. The chorus sings a single word,
throughout: Luz (the Spanish word for ‘light’).” As you might expect,
there is less sense of motion in this music, although there is still a great
sense of energy. The subtle contribution of the voices produces a different
texture to this music that further sets it apart from the two water-based
members of the trilogy. Of the three compositions, I found it the hardest to
get into at first, but upon repeated listening, I came to really appreciate it.
As with the other two pieces, it rewards concentrated listening, but it can
also be enjoyed by just closing your eyes and letting the sound take you away.

Speaking of sound, I of course listened in
stereo, which is quite excellent, but there are also 5.1 surround and Dolby
Atmos mixes of all three compositions available (in digital format only). That
could be quite interesting, both sonically and psychologically.
Unfortunately, without (a) wideband internet access (one of the few drawbacks
of my rural lifestyle) or (b) a 5.1 or Dolby Atmos system, I am unable to
report on what particular sonic and/or spiritual bliss that immersive listening
experience might entail, alas.

In his memoir Silences So Deep,
Adams writes that “Music is my way of understanding the world, of knowing where
I am and how I fit in. An unsettled childhood left me with a gnawing,
inarticulate hunger to find my real home and family—the place to which I would
truly belong, and the people with whom I would share ties deeper than blood. In
Alaska—where I lived for four decades—I found both.” We learn how he came to
find friendship, a cabin in the wilderness with no running water, a role as a
timpanist in the Fairbanks Symphony, and a gig as a music director and program
host for a local NPR radio station. We read about how inspiration came to him
for some of his early musical compositions, and how he grew in his conception
of music and composition. He writes of friendships and how they influenced him,
of how observing skilled craftsmen such as masons and carpenters influenced his
approach to composing music.

Eventually, though, as he felt both the
climate and his life inevitably changing, he chose to leave Alaska. He writes
that “as Cindy and I got a little older and as the pristine ferocity of the
cold began to diminish, the subarctic winter darkness became more challenging.
We began spending more and more time in a house on the Pacific coast of Baja
California… In that house, over the next decade or so, I would compose Canticles
of the Holy Wind, Become River, Become Ocean, and Become
Desert. In the Become trilogy, I sought to bring my ideal of an
entire piece of music as a single, rich, complex sonority to its fullest
realization.”

Silences So Deep is an enjoyable book that can stand on its own
apart from Adams’s music. However, if you have enjoyed the music of John Luther
Adams, whether from one or all of his Become trilogy compositions or
some of his many other fine works, then this is a book that you will most
likely truly enjoy.

KWN

Schoenberg: Verklarte Nacht (SACD review)

Also, Lehar: Fieber; Fried: Verklarte Nacht; Korngold:
Lieder des Abschieds. Christine Rice, mezzo-soprano; Stuart Skelton, tenor;
Edward Gardner, BBC Symphony Orchestra. Chandos CHSA 5243.

By John J. Puccio

“Two people walk through a leafless frosty copse,
the moon tags along and draws their gaze.
...
He grasps her about her strong hips.
Their breath is mingling in the air.
Two people walk through a brightly shining night.”

--Richard Dehmel, “Transfigured Night,”

Those are the opening and closing lines of the poem
“Verklarte Nach” by German poet and writer Richard Dehmel (1863-1920). Dehmel’s
poems inspired such composers as such as Richard Strauss, Max Reger, Alexander
von Zemlinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, Oskar Fried, Alma Mahler, Anton Webern,
Ignatz Waghalter, Carl Orff, and Kurt Weill to set them to music. On the
present album we have four composers whom Dehmel inspired in one way or
another: Arnold Schoenberg, Oskar Fried, Franz Lehar, and Erich Wolfgang Korngold.
Maestro Edward Gardner and the BBC Symphony Orchestra do the honors, with tenor
Stuart Skelton lending his voice to Lehar’s Fieber and both Skelton and
mezzo-soprano Christine Rice singing in Fried’s Verklarte Nacht.

First up on the program is Fieber (“Fever,” 1915),
a short piece by Austro-Hungarian composer Franz Lehar (1870-1948). Although
Lehar was a contemporary of Schoenberg, his music is more associated with that
of operetta, and the link between him and Dehmel’s poem is tenuous at best. Lehar’s
tone poem (as he called it) is a musical tribute to his younger brother who lay
in hospital at the time from wounds received in the early going of the First
World War. Lehar set the words of poet Erwin Weill to music, and they do bear
resemblance in tone to Dehmel’s poem. The music is very dramatic, perhaps even
melodramatic, and between bouts of seriousness, it also betrays Lehar’s
light-opera leanings. Tenor Stuart Skelton sings it well, and Gardner and the
orchestra accompany him unobtrusively.

Next up is Verklarte Nacht (“Transfigured Night,”
1901), another short work, this one by German conductor and composer Oskar
Fried (1871-1941). Although Schoenberg wrote his musical setting for Dehmel’s
poem a couple of years earlier, he didn’t see it performed until 1902, a full
year after Fried’s operatic, vocal-instrumental version appeared. Fried’s piece
is pretty much a musical setting of the whole Dehmel poem, where tenor Skelton
is joined by soprano Christine Rice. I found it rather forgettable, but listeners
more attuned to opera than I am may enjoy its sentiment. There is no question
that everyone involved performs it well.

Then we get the centerpiece of the album, Verklarte
Nacht by Austrian-born composer, writer, and painter Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951).
He originally wrote it for string sextet but arranged a string orchestra
version in 1917, which we have here. The work is pretty well known, and one can
find it recorded by practically every major conductor in the world. Later in
life, Schoenberg would credit not only Dehmel’s poem for his inspiration but
Brahms and Mahler as well. Interestingly, both the poem and Schoenberg’s music
were condemned back in the day for their frank sexuality. Maybe that’s why they
became so famous. In any case, Gardner provides us with a notably expressive
presentation of the score. While his reading is not so glamorized or
Romanticized as Karajan’s nor so incisive as Stokowski’s--older recordings that
easily come to mind--it gets to the heart of the music’s passion and turmoil in
perhaps more concise terms. Of course, it’s hard to match the sheer sensuality
of the Berlin strings. Still, Gardner well captures the extremes of sadness,
reflection, and forgiveness expressed in the poem, and without exaggeration.
It’s true that a few listeners may miss some of Schoenberg’s lush harmonies
here, which tend to get a little lost in the unfolding of the story, but
Gardner makes up for it with the lucidity of his musical storytelling.

The final work on the agenda is Lieder des Abschieds
(“Songs of Farewell,” 1920-21) by Austrian-born composer and conductor Erich
Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957). Korngold may be better recognized today for his
film scores (Captain Blood, The Sea Hawk, The Adventures of
Robin Hood) but he wrote a large body of serious classical music as well,
including these four vocal settings for tenor and orchestra. Again the
connection to Dehmel’s poem is slender at best, but inside the booklet notes we
find the heading “German Orchestral Songs/Verklate Nacht” so maybe that
explains it. Whatever, tenor Stuart Skelton and Maestro’s Gardner manage to
convey a lovely, poignant mood in the piece, with the orchestra keeping a safe
distance in the more sensitive and affecting parts.

Producer Brian Pidgeon and engineer Ralph Couzens recorded
the music at Phoenix Concert Hall, Fairfield Halls, Croydon, England in March
2020. They made it for hybrid SACD; that is, playback in 2-channel stereo via a
regular CD player and 2-channel and multichannel via an SACD player. I listened
in 2-channel SACD.

Clearly, what Chandos Records were going for here was as
natural a sound as possible, with no bright edginess accompanying any sort
pretense to audiophile clarity. Yet, the sound is quite clear and natural, so
I’d say they succeeded, even though some listeners not used to such things may
think it’s too soft for their taste. The sound is also moderately dynamic,
evident from the low initial volume. Trust me: It gets plenty loud enough as it
goes along, the dynamic range being relatively wide. There is also good
orchestral depth and a broad and well-balanced frequency response.

JJP

To listen to a brief excerpt from this album, click below: